Abimanto, D., & Sumarsono, W. (2024). Improving English pronunciation with AI speech-recognition technology.
Acitya: Journal of Teaching and Education,
6(1), 146-156.
https://doi.org/10.30650/ajte.v6i1.3810.
Aksakallı, C., & Daşer, Z. (2025). Unlocking EFL learners’ insights into ChatGPT use for L2 writing: The impacts of usage frequency and gender variations.
Current Psychology,
44(9), 7957-7977.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-025-07437-3.
Bajorek, J. P. (2017). L2 pronunciation in CALL: The unrealized potential of Rosetta stone, Duolingo, Babbel, and Mango Languages. Issues and Trends in Educational Technology, 5(1), 24-51.
Bloom, B. S., Engelhart, M. D., Furst, E. J., Hill, W. H., & Krathwohl, D. R. (1956). Taxonomy of educational objectives: The classification of educational goals. David McKay Company.
Chan, S. C. H. (2023). Are you enjoying it - “Online learning”? Enjoyment of study, study engagement, learning performance, and informal learning.
International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology,
19(2), 7-18.
https://bibliography.lib.eduhk.hk/tc/bibs/b79a1d4d.
Cofer, C. N., & Appley, M. H. (1964). Motivation: Theory and research. John Wiley.
Dewaele, J. M., & Alfawzan, M. (2018). Does the effect of enjoyment outweigh that of anxiety in foreign language performance?
Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching,
8(1), 21-45.
https://doi.org/10.14746/ssllt.2018.8.1.2.
Dörnyei, Z. (1998). Motivation in second and foreign language learning.
Language Teaching,
31, 117-135.
Dörnyei, Z. (2001). Teaching and researching motivation. Longman.
Duckworth, A. L., Peterson, C., Matthews, M. D., & Kelly, D. R. (2007). Grit: Perseverance and passion for longterm goals.
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology,
92(6), 1087-1101.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.92.6.108.
Fitria, T. N. (2021). Grammarly as AI-powered English writing assistant: Students’ alternative for writing English.
Metathesis: Journal of English Language, Literature, and Teaching,
5(1), 65-78.
https://doi.org/10.31002/metathesis.v5i1.3519.
Fitria, T. N. (2023). Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology in OpenAI ChatGPT application: A review of ChatGPT in writing English essay.
ELT Forum: Journal of English Language Teaching,
12(1), 44-58.
https://doi.org/10.15294/elt.v12i1.64069.
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School engagement: Potential of the concept, state of the evidence.
Review of Educational Research,
74(1), 59-109.
https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059.
Gardner, R. C. (1985). Social psychology and second language learning: The role of attitudes and motivation. Edward Arnold.
Gardner, R. C., & Tremblay. P., F. (1994). On motivation, measurement and conceptual considerations.
The Modern Language Journal,
78(4), 524-527.
Hasbi, M., & Nursaputri, E. (2024). Using ELSA speak application as a medium to improve English speaking skills.
International Journal of Language, Humanities, and Education,
7(1), 91-102.
https://doi.org/10.52217/ijlhe.v7i1.1547.
Hejazi, S. Y., & Sadoughi, M. (2023). How does teacher support contribute to learners’ grit? The role of learning enjoyment.
Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching,
17(3), 593-606.
https://doi.org/10.1080/17501229.2022.2098961.
Hidayati, T., & Diana, S. (2019). Students’ motivation to learn English using mobile applications: The case of Duolingo and Hello English.
Journal of English Education and Linguistics Studies,
6(2), 189-213.
https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v6i2.1233.
Jeong, N. (2024). Exploring the effects of ChatGPT on university students’ English writing skills and their perceptions.
Multimedia-Assisted Language Learning,
27(1), 78-95.
https://doi.org/10.15702/mall.2024.27.1.78.
Karim, S. A., Hamzah, A. Q. S., Anjani, N. M., Prianti, J., & Sihole, I. G. (2023). Promoting EFL students’ speaking performance through ELSA speak: An artificial intelligence in English language learning.
Journal of Languages and Language Teaching,
11(4), 655-668.
Kholis, A. (2021). ELSA speak app: Automatic speech recognition (ASR) for supplementing English pronunciation skills.
Pedagogy: Journal of English Language Teaching,
9(1), 1-14.
https://doi.org/10.32332/joelt.v9i1.2723.
Korkut, N. (2025). AI-enhanced English language teaching in K-12 Education: A focus on four skills, vocabulary, and grammar. BABUR Research, 4(1), 209-227.
Krashen, S. D., & Terrell, T. (1983). Natural approach. Pergamon.
Lin, J. (2022). The effects of gamification instruction on the roles of perceived ease of learning, enjoyment, and useful knowledge toward learning attitude. Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 21(2), 81-91.
Ling, W. (2023). Artificial intelligence in language instruction: Impact on English learning achievement, L2 motivation, and self-regulated learning.
Frontiers in Psychology,
14, Article 1261955
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1261955.
Liqun, C., & Xinfan, W. (2024). L2 grit as a predictor of L2 WTC and foreign language anxiety: Focusing on Chinese L2 Korean learners.
Teaching Korean as a Foreign Language,
73, 245-282.
https://doi.org/10.21716/TKFL.73.10.
G., L., Darvin, R., & Ma, C. (2024). Unpacking the role of motivation and enjoyment in AI-mediated informal digital learning of English (AI-IDLE): A mixed-method investigation in the Chinese context.
Computers in Human Behavior,
160, Article 108362
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108362.
Lumby, J. (2011). Enjoyment and learning: Policy and secondary school learners’ experience in England.
British Educational Research Journal,
37(2), 247-264.
Nushi, M., & Eqbali, M. (2015). Duolingo: A mobile application to assist second language learning. Teaching English with Technology, 17(1), 89-98.
Oxford, R. L. (1990). Language learning strategies: What every teacher should know. Heinle & Heinle.
Padilla-Meléndez, A., del Aguila-Obra, A. R., & Garrido-Moreno, A. (2013). Perceived playfulness, gender differences and technology acceptance model in a blended learning scenario.
Computers & Education,
63, 306-317.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.12.014.
Paradowski, M. B., & Jelińska, M. (2023). The predictors of L2 grit and their complex interactions in online foreign language learning: Motivation, self-directed learning, autonomy, curiosity, and language mindsets.
Computer Assisted Language Learning,
37(8), 2320-2358.
https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2023.2192762.
Pekrun, R. (2006). The control-value theory of achievement emotions: Assumptions, corollaries, and implications for educational research and practice.
Educational Psychology Review,
18(4), 315-341.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-006-9029-9.
Raheem, B. R., Anjum, F., & Ghafar, Z. N. (2023). Exploring the profound impact of artificial intelligence applications (Quillbot, Grammarly and ChatGPT) on English academic writing: A systematic review.
International Journal of Integrative Research,
1(10), 599-622.
https://doi.org/10.59890/ijir.v1i10.366.
Rahimi, A. R., & Sevilla-Pavón, A. (2025). Modeling the relationship between online L2 motivational self-system and EFL learners’ virtual exchange self-regulations: The mediator and moderator roles of L2 grit.
ReCALL,
37(3), 1-20.
https://doi.org/10.1017/S095834402400034X.
Richards, A., & Jones, S. (2024). Student perceptions of ChatGPT in mandatory EFL writing classes at a Korean university.
Korean Journal of General Education,
18(5), 323-343.
https://doi.org/10.46392/kjge.2024.18.5.323.
Skehan, P. (1989). Individual differences in second-language learning. Routledge.
Xu, J., & Li, J. (2024). Effects of AI affordances on student engagement in EFL classrooms: A structural equation modelling and latent profile analysis.
European Journal of Education Research, Development and Policy,
59(4), Article e12808
https://doi.org/10.1111/ejed.12808.
Yuan, L., & Liu, X. (2025). The effect of artificial intelligence tools on EFL learners’ engagement, enjoyment, and motivation.
Computers in Human Behavior,
162, Article 108474
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2024.108474.